Reporting Standards

Reports on original research should include a factual description of the work done and an unbiased analysis of its relevance. The document should appropriately portray the underlying data. The goal of every good paper is to make it easy for other people to do the same research you did. It is undesirable and immoral to make claims that are fraudulent or intentionally false. Articles in professional and review journals should likewise be factually correct and impartial, with editorial “opinion” pieces clearly labelled as such.

Data access and retention

Authors may be asked to provide the raw data in connection with a paper for editorial review, and should in any event be prepared to retain such data for a reasonable time after publication.

Originality and plagiarism

The writers should check that their works are totally unique and that they have properly referenced or mentioned any sources that they have utilised. Plagiarism may be defined in several ways, including but not limited to: presenting the work of another as one’s own; stealing large portions of another’s work and rewriting them without giving proper credit; and citing the work of others as one’s own. It is improper and immoral for publishers to engage in any kind of plagiarism.

Multiple, redundant or concurrent publication

It is often discouraged for authors to submit submissions that effectively duplicate each other’s work in several journals or principal publications. Publishing the same work in many journals at the same time is unethical and should not be tolerated. Typically, a previously published manuscript shouldn’t be considered for publication in another journal.

Acknowledgement of sources

It is essential to always give credit where credit is due. Publications that have had a significant role in shaping the reported work should be referenced by the authors. No information gathered informally, via discussion, email, or communication with other parties, may be utilised or disclosed in any way without the source’s specific written consent. Without the author’s specific written consent, any information gathered during confidential services, such as reviewing manuscripts or grant applications, shall not be used.

Authorship of the paper

Only those who significantly contributed to the study’s idea, design, execution, or interpretation should be named as authors. It is only fair to include all those who have made substantial contributions as co-authors. It is important to give credit where credit is due, especially when other people have helped with the meat and potatoes of the study. It is the responsibility of the corresponding author to get approval from all co-authors before submitting the final version of the manuscript for publication.

Hazards and human or animal subjects

The author is obligated to disclose in the paper any unique dangers associated with substances, techniques, or equipment used in the study. If the study makes use of human or animal subjects, the author is responsible for including a statement in the paper confirming that all procedures were carried out in accordance with applicable laws and institutional policies, and that the relevant institutional committees have given their approval. A statement stating that informed permission was acquired for experiments involving human participants should be included by the authors in the article. At all times, the right to privacy of human persons must be respected.

Disclosure and conflicts of interest

Any author with a financial or other substantial conflict of interest that might affect the findings or interpretation of their paper should state it in their manuscript. Everyone should know where the money for the project is coming from. Employment, consulting, stock ownership, honoraria, paid expert testimony, patent applications/registrations, grants, and other forms of support are all examples of possible conflicts of interest that should be reported. The earliest opportunity to declare a potential conflict of interest should be taken.

Fundamental errors in published works

It is the responsibility of the author to inform the journal editor or publisher as soon as possible and work with them to fix or withdraw a published work if the author finds a major mistake or inaccurate information. It is the author’s responsibility to either remove or revise the paper as soon as the editor or publisher finds out via a third party that the published work includes a major mistake, or to provide proof to the editor that the original article was right.